Norovirus

  • Posted: March 5th, 2010 - 8:52am by Ben Chapman

    Author: 
    Ben Chapman

    Winter is the hottest time for hospitals, retirement residences, cruise ships and restaurants when it comes to norovirus outbreaks. Here in North Carolina, the Department of Public Health distributed a press release referencing recent outbreaks that has made the rounds on local TV and in small town papers.

    With as little as just a few virus particles needed for infection and a high rate of secondary illnesses, a noro problem can escalate quickly (just ask Heston Blumenthal).

    And everyone is looking for quick solutions to replace handwashing with soap and water, including the ever-present alcohol-based hand sanitizer. They just don’t exist.

    Recent research, the first to evaluate alcohol-based hand sanitizers against a human strain of norovirus, shows that the squirtable and ubiquitous-in-public liquid isn’t a magic bullet. A report in the January Applied and Environmental Microbiology (76:394-399) by Liu et al demonstrates that commonly available alcohol-based sanitizers are less-than ideal against noro (despite many of the sanitizer producers proclaiming magic with Tom-Cruise-on-Oprah’s-couch-like exuberance).

    As David C. Holzman of the American Society for Microbiology's Microbe says:

    Moe, Liu, and their collaborators (including my friend Lee-Ann Jaykus) compared the effectiveness of liquid soap and alcohol hand sanitizers in removing or killing viruses on finger pads, following methods developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials.

    After finger pads were inoculated with norovirus and then washed, the researchers used quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR to measure viruses that remained. In another set of tests, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) eliminated virus, while ethanol, regardless of concentration, did little to reduce virus titer. In vivo rinsing either with water or with antibacterial, triclosan-containing soap proved about equally effective in reducing viruses on finger pads.

    These results suggest that protection comes from mechanically removing the virus from the hands, rather than from inactivating the virus, says Stuart Levy of Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts.


    Here’s the rub (no pun intended): sanitizer alone isn’t even close to being effective as handwashing on noro but what happens in systems (like kitchens) where handwashing compliance is consistently shown to be less than 20 per cent (and other pathogens also exist). In a study we completed, to be published soon, we report that handwashing attempts can be close to zero at busy times. Best practice, until a better option is found is, soap and water but, as barfblog-favorite Don Schaffner has suggested, there might be a public health benefit by providing sanitizer in low-handwashing compliance situations as replacements for handwashing.
     

    Your rating: None (3 votes)
    Norovirus  |  2 Comments
    None
  • Posted: March 4th, 2010 - 10:15pm by Doug Powell

    The Oregonian – what else to all a publication from Oregon – reports Oregon scientists have confirmed that three people who ate raw oysters harvested from Yaquina Bay were sickened by norovirus.

    The positive lab results follow reports of 16 people in Oregon, Washington and Massachusetts who got sick after eating the oysters, said Meredith Vandermeer, epidemiologist with the Public Health Division.

    Dawn Smith, food safety specialist with the Department of Agriculture, said that all of the suspect oysters in the U.S. have been pulled off the marketplace.

    Your rating: None
    Norovirus  |  0 Comments
    norovirus, Oregon, oyster, Raw
  • Posted: February 27th, 2010 - 9:36pm by Doug Powell

    Mr. Eva Longoria, professional basketball player Tony Parker, missed San Antonio's game against Houston on Friday night because of what was thought to be foodborne illness.

    Parker missed the morning shootaround and remained ill in the hours before the game.

    Meanwhile, the U.K. Tottenham Spurs' Champions League bid is in danger of being derailed by a sickness bug - again.

    Boss Harry Redknapp said,

    "We had a few down with it the other day. Vedran Corluka had the virus and Wilson Palacios was not feeling great with it either. We closed down the training ground and although we trained there, everything else is off limits - the offices and the cafeteria. There will be no food or anything. We just got out on the pitch and got out of there. Other than that it's closed down completely.

    Four years ago Spurs were set to finish in the top four under former boss Martin Jol until the squad was caught up in Lasagnegate.

    Ten players were affected by illness before their final match at West Ham and although club officials at first blamed a dodgy lasagne it later transpired they had been affected by a norovirus.

    Your rating: None
  • Posted: February 13th, 2010 - 5:48pm by Ben Chapman

    Author: 
    Ben Chapman

    It’s norovirus season. The highly contagious and often foodborne pathogen has restricted travel in and out of a North Carolina retirement residence. 80 residents and 50 staff members of the Croasdaile Village Retirement Community in Durham N.C. have been stricken with the virus leading to the local health department to reportedly set up a quarantine situation effective until Feb 28. (my guess is that it’s just a suggestion to reduce movement, not a lock-the-doors type of thing).

    Croasdaile Village Retirement Community Executive Director Howard DeWitt said that staff first noticed the outbreak Thursday morning when multiple residents started exhibiting the same symptoms. None of the victims appear to have a life-threatening illness, he said.

    Dewitt said that the Durham Health Department was called in and set up a quarantine, effective until Feb. 28.

    Access to the community is being restricted, and the staff is trying keep residents separated, he said. Communal activities such as meals and worship have been curtailed. A 24-hour emergency command center has been set up in the administrative building.

    The origin of the virus hasn't been determined, DeWitt said.


    Infected people can shed large amounts of norovirus in their vomit and poop; shedding can sometimes occur for 3 weeks after symptoms have resolved.

    The majority of reported norovirus outbreaks are associated with food service settings or events and the virus can persist on common kitchen surfaces for at least 3-6 weeks.

     

    Your rating: None
  • Posted: February 12th, 2010 - 9:24am by Doug Powell

    Eurosurveillance reports at least 11 linked outbreaks of gastroenteritis with a total of 260 cases have occurred in Denmark in mid January 2010. Investigations showed that the outbreaks were caused by norovirus of several genotypes and by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Lettuce of the lollo bionda type grown in France was found to be the vehicle.

    From 18 to 20 January 2010, a series of outbreaks of gastroenteritis were reported to Danish authorities. Outbreak investigations were initiated by the Danish food control authority in cooperation with Statens Serum Institut (SSI), the National Food Institute, the Food and Veterinary Administration as well as the medical officers and several clinical microbiological laboratories in Copenhagen. The epidemiological, microbiological and food investigation are still ongoing; here we report on the current status of the investigation of these outbreaks.

    The link between lettuce and illness was discovered in the fourth week of January 2010 based on an analysis of five outbreaks. These outbreaks had been reported during week 3 to the regional food control authority, which covers the eastern part of Denmark. As of 8 February, 11 outbreaks have been included in the cluster. A further eight outbreaks in Denmark which are currently under investigation may also be associated with lettuce. Taken together, the 11 outbreaks comprised approximately 480 potentially exposed persons and approximately 260 cases with symptoms of gastroenteritis . The 11 outbreaks all took place in the eastern half of the country (on the islands of Funen and Zealand). Norovirus was initially suspected as the aetiology, but the Kaplan criteria were not fulfilled in all circumstances and attack rates were sometimes higher than expected for norovirus, indicating the possibility of the presence of more than one disease agent.
     

    Your rating: None
    Norovirus  |  0 Comments
    Denmark, France, Lettuce, norovirus
  • Posted: January 28th, 2010 - 6:56am by Doug Powell

    A campground in New Zealand is set to reopen after a norovirus outbreak was linked to the camp’s water supply.

    The Nelson Mail reports the outbreak of suspected norovirus at the Golden Bay Holiday Park may have been caused by sewage contaminating a creek running through the campground

    During a routine bathing water survey of the area's beaches a fortnight ago, Tasman District Council environmental protection officers found high levels of E.coli contamination at the mouth of the Tukurua Stream, which runs through the campground. The level was 700 most probable number (mpn).

    Council environment planning officer Dennis Bush-King said a level of 240mpn would see the council start "intensive monitoring". At 500mpn, signs would go up warning people not to swim in the water.

     

    Your rating: None
  • Posted: January 26th, 2010 - 3:42pm by Doug Powell

    Author: 
    Doug Powell

    You can’t name a girl Sorenne. That’s what my Danish friends and colleagues told me when I asked about potential names for our daughter. Soren is too masculine in the Scandinavian world.

    The Danes also can’t trust French lettuce.

    Fodevarestyrelsen reports that Futura Copenhagen A/S initiated a recall of Lollo Bionda lettuce produced in France in Jan. 2010 and sold to wholesalers, restaurants and consumers in Denmark.

    “There is a suspicion that the lettuce is contaminated with norovirus (Roskilde virus) and thus may be the cause of more than 200 people the past 14 days has been ill with sickness Roskilde.”
     

    Your rating: None (1 vote)
    Norovirus  |  0 Comments
    Denmark, France, Lettuce, norovirus
  • Posted: January 23rd, 2010 - 3:42pm by Doug Powell

    Author: 
    Doug Powell

    The Green Bay Press-Gazette reports that Cousins Subs, in Neenah, WI, temporarily closed about 1 p.m. Friday after city health officials pinpointed it as the source of a suspected norovirus outbreak.

    Director Judy Crouch-Smolarek said the Neenah Health Department received about 25 reports of acute gastroenteritis, adding,

    “We were informed about mid-day (Thursday) of a number of people suffering from GI illnesses. Due to the number of people who have fallen ill, including some employees, the restaurant has voluntarily closed. The restaurant will be thoroughly cleaned and sanitized and will re-open when they meet the necessarily requirements of the Neenah Health Department.”

    Larry Weissman, vice president of marketing in Cousins' corporate offices in Menomonee Falls, said,

    “We have sent representatives from our corporate offices to Neenah to assist, and we are working with the store and the local authorities to determine what happened and how to prevent it from ever happening again.”
     

    Your rating: None (1 vote)
  • Posted: January 7th, 2010 - 12:00am by Ben Chapman

    Author: 
    Ben Chapman

    Initially reported as an outbreak of foodborne illness among 30 patrons, WRAL reports tonight that up to 280 people have reported becoming ill after eating at Raleigh's 42 St. Oyster Bar in late December. Health authorities also believe that illnesses also might not have been linked to oysters as initially reported. As Norovirus is easily transmissible and needs only a few particles to infect, it will be difficult for investigators to pinpoint the initial source. Health authorities tested eight employees for norovirus and all have been negative for the virus.

    42nd Street owner Brad Hurley initially thought the culprit was oysters from Louisiana. As a precaution, the restaurant immediately stopped serving the Louisiana oysters and started using only oysters from North Carolina.

    Tests of the remaining Louisiana oysters have come back negative, Andre Pierce, Wake County's environmental health and safety director said.

    The restaurant has also worked with the health department to take other precautions, such as eliminating bare hand contact with food and changing from an ammonia sanitizer to chlorine.

    Pierce said they may never know the exact source.

    "Norovirus is probably one of the most unreported food illnesses out there. It's hard to detect. It's hard to find a source. We spend a lot of time and resources trying to track it down. And it is frustrating to us and it is frustrating to the public that you can't just put a finger on it, but it is very present and I think it's a lot more out there than we realize."

    Public vomiting is particularly a problem as the act of spewing can cause particles to spread. Norovirus particles can also stay viable on surfaces for weeks. Pathogens can be passed on by someone even if they aren’t feeling ill. In 2008 a foodhandler who did not show symptoms or test positive for Norovirus caused an outbreak leading to over 30 illnesses. It's believed that the foodhandler, who was caring for ill family members at home, introduced the norovirus into the kitchen by practicing poor personal hygiene.

    Your rating: None
    Norovirus  |  0 Comments
    42, Bar, Outbreak, oyster, Raleigh, St.
  • Posted: January 7th, 2010 - 12:00am by Doug Powell

    Author: 
    Doug Powell

    There aren’t enough castles with moats.

    At least not anymore.

    But Cardiff Castle in Wales, which dates back to 3rd century Romans, has a lovely moat constructed by the Normans to fend off the locals as they pillaged their way across what is now the U.K.

    The food has been uneventful, all of it served piping hot as the Brits suffer through their worst snow and cold in 30 years. To watch the constant news and weather reports on BBC 1, BBC 2, BBC 4, and Sky News – there is one movie channel that seems to feature bad 1980s American fare – and read the newspaper accounts, the country is in chaos and everything has been shut for at least two days.

    We drove from Cardiff to Manchester when people were told to stay off the roads and it was completely uneventful, what with the couple of inches of snow. Guess they aren’t used to that around here.

    Some attempted to escape the weather, only to end up barfing.

    USA Today today reports that Britain's Fred Olsen Cruise Lines has ordered an early end to a cruise to the Canary Islands after a massive outbreak of what is believed to be norovirus.

    The UK's Daily Mail reports at least 289 of 795 passengers on Fred Olsen's Boudicca this week have been struck down by the illness. At 36% of passengers, it's one of the most widespread outbreaks of a norovirus-like illness recorded on a cruise ship in years. Even the worst outbreaks of norovirus rarely spread beyond 10% of passengers.

    The outbreak, moreover, is the third in a row for the ship and comes as another Fred Olsen vessel, the Balmoral, also struggles with a major outbreak of norovirus-like illness -- it's third in a year.

    Your rating: None
    Norovirus  |  0 Comments
    boat, Cruise, fred, norovis, olsen, Snow, trip, Uk, Vomit