Waiter, is that transglutaminase on my steak or you just happy to see me?

Food server, is there transglutaminase in that steak I just ordered?

That’s what the American Meat Institute says concerned consumers at the restaurant or some big banquet where they’re serving up lots of steaks.

I ask servers what rare and medium mean. They mutter. I ask them about thermometers. They dream about someone with far away eyes.

Tales of  transglutaminase, also known in the growing meat slang as meat glue, have been circulating on the Internet for years.

In March 2011, an Australian TV tabloid show called Today Tonight did what they called an exclusive expose on meat glue, where cheap cuts of meat were allegedly glued together and shaped to look like a fillet mignon.

Last week, ABC7 San Francisco, proclaimed they had “uncovered another meat industry practice that will have you looking twice at the meat you eat.”

Maybe ABC7 discovered the Internet, or watched tape (Beta) from Australia.

The San Fran folks did find a meat company owner, who wouldn’t go on camera, saying gluing meat is common practice in the industry and the most glued product by far is filet mignon destined for the food service industry.

ABC7 says it confirmed this with an industry trade group that meat glue is common where filet mignon is served in bulk — at a restaurant, banquet, cafeteria or hotel.

The problem is the outside of a piece of meat comes in contact with a lot of bacteria making its way from slaughterhouse to table. Usually cooking a steak on the outside will kill all that off. The center of a single cut of steak is sterile, that’s why you can eat it rare. But glue pieces of meat together and now bacteria like E. coli could be on the inside.

In the U.S., such an additive has to be labeled at retail – in really, really tiny print that I can’t read, even with my old-man glasses – but what about at a restaurant or a banquet hall?

"You bring up a valid point, and you know they may not see the label, but what they ought to do if they have concerns, and we understand that consumers, they want to understand where there food is coming from, they should ask their wait staff," says Dr. Betsy Booren of the American Meat Institute.

Janet Riley, a spokeswoman for the American Meat Institute told msnbc.com, “There’s just no way that gluing chunks of chuck meat together is going to give you filet mignon.”

It likely wouldn’t make economic sense for restaurants to go to the time and trouble to stick together scraps of meat, given the cost of the transglutaminase, which runs about $40 a pound wholesale, much more than any stew meat they might use.

“I don’t know where that would be happening; it would be a very expensive thing to do,” said Randall K. Phebus, an associate professor of animal sciences and industry at Kansas State University who specializes in food safety.

Tufts justice students need to learn to substantiate rhetoric about E. coli in beef: students organize petition for more free−range meat

Has Change.org jumped the shark?

Students enrolled in the Environmental Justice and U.S. Literature class taught by English Professor Elizabeth Ammons last Thursday collected signatures in Dewick−MacPhie Dining Hall and outside Carmichael Hall for a petition asking that Tufts Dining Services offer more free−range meat options in the dining halls.

The petition, which is also available online at Change.org, asks Dining Services to dedicate 10 percent of its meat purchases in the 2013−2014 academic year to free−range and to incrementally increase meat purchases to 50 percent free−range by 2020.

Tufts Daily reports that “non−free−range meat, despite being soaked in ammonia, has 20 times more E. coli bacteria than free−range meat, according to the petition.”

“The industrial meat system isn’t very clean,” sophomore Kara Daniels, a member of the class, said. “People have died from E. coli outbreaks. It just really affects people.”

Yes, people die from E. coli outbreaks involving all sorts of foods and feeding conditions. There are lots of capable people at Tufts who can respond to this, but the lit students initiated this one, so, what’s the source? What’s the reference? Show everyone the data.

Smiling Hara Tempeh investigated in North Carolina Salmonella Paratyphi B outbreak, product recalled

As illnesses associated with a Salmonella Paratyphi B outbreak climbed to 34 today, the investigation has focused on tempeh produced by Smiling Hara. Blue Ridge Food Ventures, the shared use kitchen where Smiling Hara sets up shop put out a press release tonight stating that they are aware of the investigation, have ceased operation (and shut down processing by at least 20 other businesses).

According to WSPA, North Carolina Department of Agriculture has announced a recall of 12-ounce packages of Smiling Hara unpasteurized soybean tempeh.

From the Blue Ridge Ventures release:

Immediately upon learning of the investigation, Blue Ridge Food Ventures temporarily halted our normal production schedule and began extensive environmental testing as a proactive, voluntary and precautionary measure.

This is the first time in our six-and-a-half-year history that there has been a food contamination issue among the businesses that use our facility. Blue Ridge Food Ventures was inspected on March 8 by the Buncombe County Department of Health and earned a sanitation rating of 99.5% out of 100.

About 20 small, local food production companies rent time and industrial kitchen space at BRFV during any given month. Each of these businesses is its own legal entity and operates independent of Blue Ridge Food Ventures. Each business is inspected by the regulatory agency relevant to its product and has its own food production and safety plans.

Blue Ridge Food Ventures has strict safety protocols in place for the use of our physical facility and equipment. One of those policies requires that all facility users sanitize the kitchen and equipment both BEFORE AND AFTER production. Our scheduling policies for the use of the facility are designed to prevent cross-contamination. There has been no indication of any cross-contamination among the other businesses that use the facility.

Smiling Hara’s website lists a variety of western North Carolina businesses where their product is sold.

Tempeh is made from a soybean paste with added vinegar. Acid-consuming mold is added (from a starter inoculum) and the pH is raised during the process above 5, which could allow for the survival and growth of Salmonella Paratyphi B. Most tempeh is sold as a refrigerated or frozen product and is often served after frying.

Reasons to cook meat: Toxoplasma gondii associated with the consumption of lamb meat, Aveyron (France), November 2010

Thanks to our French friend, Albert Amgar, for forwarding this item.

On 15 November 2010, 3 confirmed cases of toxoplasmosis of the same family were reported to the Midi-Pyrénées Regional Health Agency. A collective outbreak of food poisoning was suspected with regard to the single common meal taken on 3 October 2010 that included undercooked lamb’s leg. Clusters of toxoplasmosis cases are rare; therefore, investigations on the episode were conducted.

Epidemiological, clinical and serological data were collected from the participants in the meal. Genotyping of the strain isolated in the suspected food was performed as well as a traceability investigation.

All five sensitive people of the seven persons exposed during the meal had a recent uncomplicated evolutionary toxoplasmosis (attack rate 100 %; mean age 21 years). DNA genotyping in the frozen half lamb’s leg revealed a type II. The farm of origin of the lamb could not be identified.

Our investigations contributed to describe a Toxoplasma food poisoning limited in size, and to determine the origin of the contamination. However, other cases may have gone unnotified, considering the infection is usually asymptomatic. Toxoplasma foodborne illnesses are poorly documented and information on the possibility of contamination due to insufficiently cooked lamb meat should be spread more widely.

177 died from E. coli O157:H7 in a 1999 outbreak in China

 Who knew?

The largest, most-fatal outbreak of E. coli O157 or other shiga-toxin producing E. coli wasn’t sprouts in Germany in 2011, wasn’t roast beef in Scotland in 1996 or Ontario in 1985, wasn’t Japan in 1996 in radish sprouts.

It was in Xuzhou, China, in 1999: 177 dead, 195 hospitalized with hemolytic uremic syndrome. An estimate of the number sickened was not available.

A new paper by Chinese researchers examining the E. coli O157:H7 virulence factors involved in the outbreak strain dryly notes, “A less well known massive outbreak of O157:H7 occurred in, China, in 1999 … which has only been reported in Chinese journals.”

Those extra languages could really come in handy.

The authors write in PLoS ONE today that,

“The O157:H7 outbreak occurred between April and September and peaked in June, 1999 with 195 HUS cases and 177 deaths from 52 villages of seven counties in Jiangsu and neighboring Anhui province. Of the 195 cases, 167 (85.6%) were over 50 years old with only two less than 20 years old and 121 (62.1%) were female. The National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, commenced the outbreak investigation on June 28, 1999.

“Three and two strains of O157:H7 were isolated in Xuzhou city from fecal screening of 30 HUS and 25 diarrhea patients respectively. Thirty six sera collected from 42 HUS patients (85.7%) tested positive for IgG against EHEC-hemolysin or O157 lipopolysaccharide. Thus both bacterial and serological data confirmed that the outbreak was caused by O157:H7. The source of the infection was investigated using a case-control sample of 146 HUS patients and 840 healthy individuals, matched in age, sex and residence. No hand-washing before eating, consumption of fruits or vegetables without washing, consumption of leftover foods without heating, no fly-net cover for foods and high density of flies in kitchen were found to be statistically associated with infected patients. Using magnetic beads coated with antibodies against the O antigen, O157:H7 was isolated from six of 67 (9.0%) fly specimens, four of 74 (5.4%) raw meats and three of 83 (3.6%) cooked meats. O157:H7 was also isolated from live animals including 32 of 189 (16.9%) cattle, 50 of 605 (8.3%) pigs, 91 of 590 (15.4%) goats and 52 of 604 (8.6%) chickens raised in courtyards of families with and without HUS patients in the same villages.

“From the epidemiological investigations, the outbreak was mainly associated with peasants living with animals carrying O157:H7 in the household, including goats, pigs, chickens and cattle. Courtyard animals carrying O157:H7 contaminated the surrounding environment through fecal shedding and persons who had poor personal and kitchen hygiene practice were more likely to be infected. It is well established that farm animals are carriers of O157:H7. Additionally we found that 9% of the flies tested were positive for O157:H7 and thus they are important carriers in this outbreak. Flies may not just be mechanical vectors as O157:H7 can multiply inside the fly’s mouth and be excreted through fly fecal matter. Therefore poor hygiene and multiple routes of transmission may be the major contributing factors to the massive outbreak. However, increased transmission would have expected to increase number of infections but not higher number of HUS rate and high mortality rate. Host factors may contribute to higher mortality with a disproportional number of HUS cases and deaths in the older age groups. We showed that the outbreak was caused by a new sequence type, ST96.”

Abstract below:

A novel Escherichia coli O157:H7 clone causing a major hemolytic uremic syndrome outbreak in China***
30.apr.12
PLoS ONE 7(4): e36144.
Yanwen Xiong, Ping Wang, Ruiting Lan, Changyun Ye, Hua Wang, Jun Ren, Huaiqi Jing, Yiting Wang, Zhemin Zhou, Xuemei Bai, Zhigang Cui, Xia Luo, Ailan Zhao, Yan Wang, Shaomin Zhang, Hui Sun,Lei Wang, Jianguo Xu
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036144
An Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak in China in 1999 caused 177 deaths due to hemolytic uremic syndrome. Sixteen outbreak associated isolates were found to belong to a new clone, sequence type 96 (ST96), based on multilocus sequence typing of 15 housekeeping genes. Whole genome sequencing of an outbreak isolate, Xuzhou21, showed that the isolate is phylogenetically closely related to the Japan 1996 outbreak isolate Sakai, both of which share the most recent common ancestor with the US outbreak isolate EDL933. The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by Xuzhou21 and Sakai were significantly higher than that induced by EDL933. Xuzhou21 also induced a significantly higher level of IL-8 than Sakai while both induced similar levels of IL-6. The expression level of Shiga toxin 2 in Xuzhou21 induced by mitomycin C was 68.6 times of that under non-inducing conditions, twice of that induced in Sakai (32.7 times) and 15 times higher than that induced in EDL933 (4.5 times). Our study shows that ST96 is a novel clone and provided significant new insights into the evolution of virulence of E. coli O157:H7.

More illnesses linked to Salmonella Paratyphi B outbreak in western North Carolina

According to the Buncombe County Department of Health an additional five illnesses have been added to a cluster of illnesses linked to travel to Buncombe Co (and eating or drinking something there?).

The Buncombe County Department of Health reports that 5 more cases of Salmonella Paratyphi B were identified over the weekend, bringing the total to 34, as of Monday, April 30, 2012. The local health department is working with NC Department of Public Health, Center for Disease Control, US Department of Agriculture and others to continue intensive testing, interviewing, and epidemiological investigation of the outbreak in order to squelch the spread of the disease. Cases still appear to have been associated with residence or travel to Buncombe County since February 28, 2012. A single source of infection has not been confirmed.

WYFF4 reports that Buncombe County Health Director Gibbie Harris said there have also been cases confirmed in other parts of North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and New York.

"None of us think that we’ve seen the peak of this yet," said Harris. "This (strain) has a longer incubation period, so you can go up to 30 days after being exposed before you actually show symptoms."

Harris said this particular strain is also different than the strain of salmonella usually seen because it’s treated with an antibiotic and causes more severe symptoms.
 

Surveillance, advance warning not enough; 172 sickened; a long-lasting outbreak of S. Typhimurium U323 associated with several pork products, Denmark, 2010

On March 23, 2010, the national food surveillance system in Denmark reported a steady occurrence of positive isolates of S. Typhimurium, of unknown phage type and resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole, in samples from mainly pork meat and products.

Researchers from Denmark and Sweden report in Epidemiology and Infection that several isolates originated from a specific pig slaughterhouse A or a closely associated cutting plant. At this point, although no human cases had yet been identified, an investigation was initiated with the focus on food contamination. On 20 April, a total of 14 human cases with the outbreak type had been confirmed.

A case-control study was undertaken to confirm an association between illness in a subgroup of patients and consumption of teewurst or tea sausage, a spreadable sausage made from fresh salted and smoked pork and beef which is fermented but not heat-treated. The producer of the teewurst had received pork from slaughterhouse A during the period that the outbreak strain had been isolated.

Herds delivering pigs to slaughterhouse A were identified by a unique herd identification number given to all animal herds in Denmark.

From March 2010 and onwards, the outbreak strain was identified in a total of 113 samples; four environmental samples from slaughterhouse A and 109 meat
samples, mainly pork, of which 96 were sampled directly at slaughterhouse A or could be traced back there. Positive meat types included mainly minced pork, pork belly, pork loin and loin back ribs.

Investigation of slaughterhouse A showed positive discovery of the outbreak strain in swabs from equipment and meat samples, even after closing down production for thorough cleaning and disinfection. It was concluded that the establishment was most likely contaminated. Repeated cleaning and disinfection was performed and alterations in equipment and procedures were implemented, From the beginning of July, no further positive samples of the outbreak strain were found at slaughterhouse A.

On 8 July, a press statement was issued jointly by the DVFA and SSI, notifying the public about the salmonellosis outbreak and the link to consumption of pork meat from slaughterhouse A. In addition to describing the outbreak investigation and the action taken to control the outbreak, the statement also contained detailed guidelines on how to prevent infection with Salmonella.

A total of 172 cases of S. Typhimurium U323 were reported between March and September 2010 in Denmark demonstrating how a combination of typing Salmonella isolates from farm-to-fork and from the human population can provide early warning of a salmonellosis outbreak. It also highlights the importance of national Salmonella surveillance which allowed identification of the slaughterhouse contamination and provided the COMG with valuable information to initiate investigative measures. In spite of the existence of these systems, tracing pork meat that has entered the production chain still poses a significant challenge. If feasible, adoption of a standardized automated system across the EU, with detailed product and distribution information, for tracing products might prove worthwhile.

Currently, this is not possible in the EU and such systems are only as good as the data provided by the operators. At present, by the time enough evidence has been gathered to issue a product recall, products with a short shelf-life (such as fresh meat) are most likely to have been consumed.

In this outbreak, early warnings from the Salmonella surveillance system were not sufficient to prevent the outbreak from lasting almost 7 months.

State-of-the-art surveillance, typing, epidemiology and food traceback allowed us to firmly establish the source of the outbreak and, in essence, solve it almost before it became evident; however, legislative measures and some delays in traceback did not allow for sufficient control, resulting in one of the longest lasting Salmonella outbreaks in Denmark.

Scrapie sheep kidnappers say infected flock in protective custody

PC may be politically correct, but in jail it means protective custody, not much better than the hole.

Two days after the Canadian Food Inspection Agency confirmed scrapie in a recently deceased sheep from a quarantined flock in Eastern Ontario, and a month after CFIA was scheduled to confiscate the Shropshire sheep, the previously unknown group Farmers’ Peace Corps kidnapped the 31 sheep slated for slaughter, leaving a note that read:

“We have taken the animals into protective custody until an alternative to killing has been found, or conclusive independent proof or clear evidence of disease has been proven. This has been done without the knowledge or participation of the owner.”

What say the people’s front now that scrapie has been confirmed? Not independent? Testing for scrapie or other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies isn’t something that can be done in a basement, like genetic engineering.

The Globe and Mail reports that on Friday, CFIA notified Ms. Jones that an autopsy showed a sheep that died at the end of March on the farm was infected with scrapie.

Montana Jones, the owner, said, “I don’t believe Lava (the name of the sheep) was actually infected. They just needed a sheep to pin it on. I just want whoever has my flock to bring it back to me and then everybody leave me alone.”

CFIA said in its positive test announcement that Canada’s approach to confirmed or suspected cases of scrapie is based on internationally accepted science and seeks to minimize disruptions to producers.

The missing sheep pose a serious risk for scrapie and could spread the disease to other sheep and goats. Any premises that receive them will be subject to a quarantine and further regulatory action.

Quarantine breaches put the livestock industry and the economy at risk. Any person who breaches a quarantine may be subject to criminal prosecution under the Health of Animals Act.

Sunday roast with scallops: gratuitous food porn shot of the day

The good things about food, safely prepared, from my kitchen.

Whole beef eye fillet for two, from the extra-super clearance cheap meat section of the supermarket, with an olive oil-mustard-garlic-lime-rosemary crust, pan-seared, then slow roasted in the oven to 130F and served with a red wine beef jus, with roasted potatoes, mushrooms, leeks and asparagus, whole wheat bread (they call it whole meal here), and Saucer scallops from the waters off the Queensland coast.

Rice in Chinese food? Italian desserts? Food-styles most likely to cause illness in England and Wales

What shall we have for dinner? Chinese? Indian? Italian? Researchers at the UK’s Health Protection Agency went through available data and found some food-type-pathogen-matches that statistically stood out. Abstract below.

The food service sector continues to be the most common setting for reported foodborne disease outbreaks in England and Wales.

Using restaurant-associated foodborne outbreaks reported in England and Wales from 1992 to 2009, cuisine-specific risk factors were examined. Of 677 restaurant outbreaks, there were 11,795 people affected, 491 hospitalizations, and seven deaths; and Chinese, Indian, British and Italian cuisines were the most commonly implicated (26%, 16%, 13% and 10%, respectively).

Salmonella spp. accounted for most outbreaks of all cuisine types, and particularly Chinese (76%, 133/175) and Italian (55%, 38/69). Poultry meat was the most frequently implicated food vehicle in outbreaks associated with Indian (30%), Chinese (21%), and British (18%) cuisines while for Italian cuisine, desserts and cakes were more frequently implicated (33%). Rice dishes were also a common outbreak food vehicle in those restaurants serving Chinese (22%) and Indian (16%) cuisine.

Cross-contamination was the biggest contributory factor associated with Chinese (46%), British (33%) and Indian (30%) cuisines whereas inadequate cooking (38%) and use of raw shell eggs in lightly cooked or uncooked food (35%) were more often associated with Italian cuisine. Over the surveillance period, the proportion of SalmonellaEnteritidis PT4 outbreaks in restaurants serving Chinese cuisine significantly decreased (P<0·0001) and this was mirrored by an increase in S.Enteritidis non-PT4 outbreaks (P<0·0001). Despite this change in proportion, contributory factors such as cross-contamination have continued to cause outbreaks throughout the 18 years.

The results show that by stratifying the risks associated with restaurants by cuisine type, specific evidence of food control failures can be used to target foodborne illness reduction strategies.

Epidemiology and Infection June 2012 140 : pp 997-1007
F. J. Gormley, N. Rawal and C. L. Little